2024 Sewer pipe lining

Many of our Ft. Lauderdale Sewer Drain and Pipe Repair projects are finished up in one day, which gets life back to normal faster, and saves a boatload of cash! Your new pipeliner is smooth, seamless and only reduces inner pipe diameter by 5%. And our CIPP pipe liners can stand the test of time, and is guaranteed to last for no less than 50 years.. …. Split level house remodel

We will always choose the right solution for you, using the best technology available, and get your drainage pipes working perfectly with minimal disruption for you. Get in touch with Lanes 24/7 to find out more about our domestic drain repair and drain relining services. Call today on 0800 526 488, or use our online enquiry form to …The Trelleborg DrainLiner method is a cured-in-place pipe lining (CIPP) process used in trenchless pipe and sewer rehabilitation ("no-dig" applications). The start or endpoint can be a manhole, inspection hole, or cleaning eye or an open cut pipe. It is possible to install the liner along channel diversions or negotiate bends at an angle up to ...Pipe relining can apply to both your sewer line and water line, and it’s a great option compared to traditional pipe repair that requires complete evacuation. …THE BEST WARRANTY IN THE BUSINESS. We offer a warranty on all drain cleaning and trenchless solutions. We stand behind our products and labor and will guarantee our work with every trenchless solution. Schedule Service. OR. Call Us (864) 205-9074.Dec 5, 2023 · We’ll review your concerns and put you in touch with one of our highly trained NuFlow Certified Contractors. Trust NuFlow to get your pipes working like new again. +1 (800) 834-9597. Pipe lining offers several advantages in addressing sewer odor problems since it seals any pipe cracks or leaking joints from the inside. Visit us to know more. 6 Feb 2023 ... It is 100 percent durable. If you have that option I would recommend it. I would rather line or burst (semi trenchless replacement) then digging ...Today Yahoo! launched a brand new web service called Pipes that mixes, mashes and - you Unix geeks will appreciate this - pipes feeds through filters you define in an attractive, v...Sewer Line Repair Cost. T he national average cost for sewer line replacement is around $5,000.*. This figure translates to $50–$2 5 0 per linear foot of sewer line. However, the pipe material used and difficulty accessing the …The liner is inverted into the pipe and a calibration tube is inverted inside the liner. Heat is circulated through the tube to cure the resin, causing it to become a fitted, smooth, corrosion-resistant new pipe wall. Types of CIPP sewer lining. CIPP sewer lining installation is broadly classified into two methods to feed the tube through the pipe.Learn how epoxy pipe lining works as a trenchless sewer repair form that creates a new pipe inside your old one. Find out the benefits, drawbacks, and pipe requirements of this method.Pipe relining is a process where a resin impregnated pipe lining is placed on the inside of an existing damaged pipe to seal any leaks or cracks, and smooth uneven surfaces. It …Learn how trenchless sewer repair can save time, money and landscaping by using pipe bursting or pipe lining methods. Compare the benefits and drawbacks of …The two types of trenchless pipe replacement or repair we offer are “Pipe Bursting” and “CIPP” (Cured In Place Pipe), also known as “pipe lining” , “re-lining,” or “lateral lining.”. The pipe bursting method actually breaks apart the old pipe while sliding a new pipe into the old pipe’s place. The CIPP method lines the old ...Oct 2, 2023 · Replacing an old sewer system with a trenchless one requires a professional to blow a resin-coated lining through the old pipe. Sewer pipe lining costs between $135 and $150 per linear foot. (Generally speaking, sewer line damages cost between $1,100 and $4,400 on average.) Related Article Sewer pipe lining is a process used for repairing and replacing cracked, leaking, backed up and damaged sewer lines. Using a “no dig” trenchless process to …The liner is inverted into the pipe and a calibration tube is inverted inside the liner. Heat is circulated through the tube to cure the resin, causing it to become a fitted, smooth, corrosion-resistant new pipe wall. Types of CIPP sewer lining. CIPP sewer lining installation is broadly classified into two methods to feed the tube through the pipe.Aug 25, 2023 · A 4-inch diameter sewer pipe can withstand well over 350 psi. By contrast, clay, ABS, and PVC pipe are all subject to breakage. While sewer pipes are never pressurized, pressure ratings are a good indicator of overall pipe tensile strength. Cast-iron sewer pipe is heavy and difficult for a do-it-yourselfer to cut. Apr 27, 2023 · Pipe relining refers to the trenchless repair method in residential and commercial plumbing when coating the old pipe with a lining and then allowing it to harden. This creates a new pipe inside the old pipe by way of the new lining. Relining pipes only requires small access points as opposed to traditional sewer repair that requires complete ... Learn about the four methods of pipe relining to repair cracked pipes without replacing them. Cured-in place, pull-in place, pipe bursting and internal pipe coating are the options …Are you experiencing issues with your sewer system? Whether it’s a clogged drain or a major pipe break, hiring a professional sewer repair contractor is essential to ensure the pro...Pipe lining works on all major types of piping materials. First, we will conduct a drain or sewer inspection with the use of a high-resolution camera so we can check for blocked or corroded pipes. Once located, we use one of several cleaning processes, depending on the problem. Typically, our team will use hydro jetting or …Gary’s PipeLining & Drain Cleaning. Residential & Commercial Pipelining & Drain Services in Seattle, WA. (206) 535-8460. Your Trusted Sewer & Drain Contractors. Sewer Services. If your sewer line is too damaged for relining or pipe bursting, we provide comprehensive sewer services, such as main sewer line repair and …According to the San Francisco Gate, common causes of air in water lines include valve failures, damaged water tank bladders, accumulated gases in well systems, leaky pipes and dam...29 Mar 2022 ... Pipe Relining Process From Start to Finish + Before & After Video of a Perfectly Relined Sewer Pipe. 7.1K views · 1 year ago ...more ...Pipe bursting is effective for various pipe materials and sizes, providing a durable and efficient solution for sewer and water line replacements. It saves time, reduces costs, and ensures long-lasting results in trenchless plumbing projects. …Spray In Place Solutions (SIPS) is the Market Leader in the Rehabilitation of Pressure Piping. Our Team has coated 100’s of thousands of feet all across America, having traveled over 500,000 miles rehabilitating municipal, industrial, commercial and residential high-rise piping infrastructure. We have roughly 90% …Mar 4, 2021 · Learn how epoxy pipe lining works as a trenchless sewer repair form that creates a new pipe inside your old one. Find out the benefits, drawbacks, and pipe requirements of this method. The two types of trenchless pipe replacement or repair we offer are “Pipe Bursting” and “CIPP” (Cured In Place Pipe), also known as “pipe lining” , “re-lining,” or “lateral lining.”. The pipe bursting method actually breaks apart the old pipe while sliding a new pipe into the old pipe’s place. The CIPP method lines the old ...Epoxy pipe lining is rustproof and corrosion-proof, and it can withstand elements such as storm damage, earthquake stress, and extreme temperatures. Sewer pipe lining can be a great …Trenchless Pipe Lining Overview. Trenchless pipe lining, commonly referred to as trenchless pipe rehabilitation, is a growing innovative methodology used to restore aged and deteriorated pipelines without digging. There are obvious advantages to this form of repair. The cost of trenchless pipe lining is typically far … Trenchless Pipe Lining Experts Leading the sewer repair industry with advanced technology and unparalleled service Watch Video 3-Steps to Trenchless Pipe Lining Video Inspection We begin all pipe lining projects with a detailed forensic study of the existing pipe system by means of a HD video camera inspection. A digital copy of the video is […] Lining pro is a United States database directory of highly qualified sewer repair contractors who have a proven reputation for quality & reliability. The sewer repair contractors shown on Lining Pro have performed hundreds of sewer lining projects with a very high success rate. Don’t dig & replace your sewer pipes. Use Perma …Sewer pipe lining is a process used for repairing and replacing cracked, leaking, backed up and damaged sewer lines. Using a “no dig” trenchless process to … Consult Specialized Pipe Technologies today to address the issues affecting your drain and sewer pipes. With pipe lining technology, you are assured of many of the benefits of traditional sewer crack repair methods, just faster and priced more reasonably. Call us today or fill out the online form to schedule your appointment for drain and sewer ... Our company provides exceptional service and high-quality workmanship, with top-of-the-line technology and products that have been tested to ensure quality and safety. Call our professional plumbers at Mr. Drippy Plumbing today at (205) 859-0426 to schedule a sewer lines inspection.Spiral Wound is a trenchless pipe lining method for sewers, storm drains and culverts. Our pipe liners provide fully structural rehabilitation using mechanically wound PVC. The Spiral Wound process is 100% mechanical and can be installed in live flow. Pipe liners are constructed directly onsite using only existing access … Don’t wait for more sewer pipe problems to happen. Call (808) 396-7473. How Pipe Lining Works. In many instances, high-pressure cleaning methods are used to quickly remove the tree roots that are filling your pipes. From there, we can inject a sticky epoxy that will line your sewer pipe. 10 Nov 2022 ... What Are the Benefits of Sewer Pipe Lining? · Less intrusive and damaging · More cost-effective than traditional repair · Longevity · Sa...Jan 22, 2022 · Cost: Trenchless repair usually costs between $60 and $250 per foot, in addition to small repairs to your yard or landscaping. 2. Trenchless Replacement with a Pipe Bursting System. Repairing your line with a pipe bursting system requires access at both ends of your pipeline and limits the impact on your property. Are you experiencing issues with your sewer system? Whether it’s a clogged drain or a major pipe break, hiring a professional sewer repair contractor is essential to ensure the pro...The cost of sewer pipe lining. Based on the criteria, there is a significant variation in the pipe lining cost. Relatively simple jobs for residential single-family homes can cost as little as $2500 to $5500. Some contractors may price it as a base cost plus a per foot cost, for example, a $2500 minimum base cost, then a lower cost per foot.Sewer lines pipes are usually 4 inches in diameter and are installed sloping down toward the public sewer line or septic tank with a minimum slope of 2% (1/4 inch for every foot of pipe). Larger sewer lines (6 inches in diameter or more) are however used to serve multiple dwellings or businesses.Sewer lines pipes are usually 4 inches in diameter and are installed sloping down toward the public sewer line or septic tank with a minimum slope of 2% (1/4 inch for every foot of pipe). Larger sewer lines (6 inches in diameter or more) are however used to serve multiple dwellings or businesses.Learn how trenchless sewer repair can save time, money and landscaping by using pipe bursting or pipe lining methods. Compare the benefits and drawbacks of …Bury a water mainline in a trench that is no less than 18 inches deep. The city’s municipalities office should be consulted before digging a water line trench in order to ensure th...Off-Grade Pipes: Existing pipes are constructed of substandard or outdated material that may have deteriorated or corroded. Roto-Rooter plumbers are available 24/7 to help with all you sewer line plumbing needs, including sewer leaks, sewer repair, and sewer replacement. *Service offerings may vary by location.But when a pipe collapses, removal is the only option. When it comes to standard sewer line trenching, homeowners pay between $400 and $1,200 per 100 linear feet. When replacing a sewer line from ...Halton Region's Sanitary Lateral Lining and Repair subsidy covers 50% of costs incurred for materials and labour charged to repair the sanitary lateral ( ...22 Sept 2023 ... Benefits of Pipe Replacement · It's a comprehensive solution: Pipe replacement can resolve broken lines, misaligned joints, and severe pipe ...Sewer and drain pipe lining is beneficial in so many ways, as this method of trenchless sewer repair is less disruptive, almost always more affordable, typically faster, and lasts …Blue Works Trenchless CIPP lining is the answer to your plumbing problems. Using CCTV Plumbing Inspection, Mechanical or Hydro-Jet Cleaning and any of our Pipe Relining methods, our team will fix your aged and/or failing plumbing. Our process of installing a “pipe within a pipe” meets or exceeds Plumbing Standards, is Building …In the developed world, human waste usually travels through a series of sewer pipes after it is flushed down the toilet. The waste then travels to a treatment facility where the wa...SPR™ is a Spiral Wound pipe lining method for large diameter sewers, storm drains and culverts. SPR™ lines both round and non-round shapes, providing fully structural rehabilitation. The PVC profile strip is wound into the pipe by a traverse winding machine. The machine travels the length of the pipeline while … Oahu & Maui Pipe Lining. There is an alternative to destructive and messy pipe replacement! Learn more about trenchless pipe lining when you call Allens Plumbing at 808-599-5511 or 808-877-6370. Schedule Pipe Lining. There was a time when damaged sewer or drain pipes needed to be replaced because there was no other option. Schedule Service. Fully prepared to tackle your pipe rehabilitation, sewer repair and trenchless pipe lining needs. Total Drain Solutions are the experts In Pipe Cleaning, Rehabilitation, Repair & Replacement. We are proud to provide comprehensive residential and commercial services for homeowners, businesses, industrial …Schedule Service. Fully prepared to tackle your pipe rehabilitation, sewer repair and trenchless pipe lining needs. Total Drain Solutions are the experts In Pipe Cleaning, Rehabilitation, Repair & Replacement. We are proud to provide comprehensive residential and commercial services for homeowners, businesses, industrial …A cured-in-place pipe lining (CIPP), or structural pipe lining, is a sleeve or liner coated in an epoxy. The lining is inserted into the old line and inflated. The epoxy cures on its own or with ...If you have a septic tank, you know it’s part of one of the most important systems in your whole home. A home with a typical sewage system has pipes leading away from the home that...6 Sept 2022 ... Pipe relining is a trenchless sewer repair method that involves creating a new pipe within the existing pipe. First, a flexible liner is ...Normal range: $1,434 - $5,728. Most people pay $3,462 to install a sewer line, but depending on materials and labor costs in your area, you may end up paying between $244 …Main Sewer Pipe & Lateral Replacement From House to Street. The cost to replace the main sewer line that extends further into the street runs $530 to $2,270.While longer distances and the need for trenching can raise the price to $25,000, the average sewer line installation cost is closer to $1,395.Much of the cost is based …A pipe liner can successfully rehabilitate sewers with extensive material loss. Pipe lining was specifically designed to repair drain pipes with cracks, holes, and missing sections. There are times where the material loss in the cast iron is too great, and a pipe liner may not be capable of repairing, but that is only about 5% of the time.Sewer Pros is a trenchless pipe lining and trenchless sewer line repair contractor performing sewer repair, spray lining, and pipe bursting in California.external point repairs, sealing joints or cracks, spray lining or applying a coating, and partial replacement. Renewal is more comprehensive than repair, and extends the useful life of the pipe. Renewal includes techniques that renew the structural integrity of the entire sewer pipeline segment between manholes.Schedule Service. Fully prepared to tackle your pipe rehabilitation, sewer repair and trenchless pipe lining needs. Total Drain Solutions are the experts In Pipe Cleaning, Rehabilitation, Repair & Replacement. We are proud to provide comprehensive residential and commercial services for homeowners, businesses, industrial …Pipe lining creates a new pipe inside the old one, and the result is a seamless “pipe-within-a-pipe” that solves backup problems, seals cracks, and prevents further corrosion and root intrusion. Our trenchless, no-dig technology creates long-lasting solutions that cost Indiana homeowners and businesses less money and less time than traditional sewer …Traditional CIPP Lining: This process involves the use of steam to cure the liner, and is commonly used for sanitary and storm sewer rehabilitation of pipes ranging from 4” to 120”. Vertical Pipe (In-Wall) CIPP Lining: Typically found in commercial buildings, multi-story apartments and office buildings, we are capable of …Learn about the four methods of pipe relining to repair cracked pipes without replacing them. Cured-in place, pull-in place, pipe bursting and internal pipe coating are the options … MICHIGAN TRENCHLESS PIPE LINING SERVICES Call Now: 800-684-1712 The Trusted Sewer Repair and Pipe Lining Company Serving Traverse City, MI, and Nearby Areas Sewer lines require repairs from time to time, so you deserve to work with a reliable, highly experienced company with your best interests in mind. At Michigan Pipe Lining, we serve as… Lining pro is a United States database directory of highly qualified sewer repair contractors who have a proven reputation for quality & reliability. The sewer repair contractors shown on Lining Pro have performed hundreds of sewer lining projects with a very high success rate. Don’t dig & replace your sewer pipes. Use Perma …The cost of sewer pipe lining. Based on the aforementioned criteria, there is a significant variation in the cost of pipe lining. Relatively simple jobs for residential single-family homes can cost as little as $2500 to $5500. Some contractors may price it as a base cost plus a per foot cost, for example a $2500 minimum base cost, … Call 877-265-2139 SEWER LINING SYSTEMS At PrimeLine Products, Inc., our team works to provide pipe professionals with the best equipment possible, so they can be leaders in their service area. Our team is comprised of industry experts who are knowledgeable about pipe equipment needed to complete every job with precision and accuracy. All of the… Spiral Wound is a trenchless pipe lining method for sewers, storm drains and culverts. Our pipe liners provide fully structural rehabilitation using mechanically wound PVC. The Spiral Wound process is 100% mechanical and can be installed in live flow. Pipe liners are constructed directly onsite using only existing access …Sewer pipe lining is a long-term investment for your home. While many homeowners may look at the initial sewer pipe lining cost and decide against it, investing in sewer relining is still far more cost-effective and less intrusive than digging up and replacing a damaged or root infested pipe.28 Feb 2023 ... What Is Epoxy Pipelining? Epoxy pipe lining is a technology used to repair or rehabilitate aging, corroded, or damaged plumbing pipes, without ...Learn how pipe lining and relining can fix your damaged sewer line with minimal disruption to your yard. Find out what pipe lining is, how it works, and when you need it from Mr. … Don’t wait for more sewer pipe problems to happen. Call (808) 396-7473. How Pipe Lining Works. In many instances, high-pressure cleaning methods are used to quickly remove the tree roots that are filling your pipes. From there, we can inject a sticky epoxy that will line your sewer pipe. We use cured in place pipe lining technologies to reline the existing host pipe through an access point (typically a cleanout) and a new pipe is formed and cured within your old pipe on the same day. No mess, no fuss, no stress! Contact us today online or call 305-423-2395 today to get a quote for restoration. This advanced CIPP trenchless pipelining method saves between 50% to 75% and is durable and reliable, with pipes lasting between 50 and 100 years. In addition, we can complete CIPP installation in hours, minimizing traffic disruption. Saves 50-70% over traditional storm sewer restorations. Can add 50-100 years to the life of your storm sewer pipes Having a bathroom that smells like sewer can be a frustrating and unpleasant experience. Not only does it make using your bathroom uncomfortable, but it can also indicate potential...Gary’s PipeLining & Drain Cleaning. Residential & Commercial Pipelining & Drain Services in Seattle, WA. (206) 535-8460. Your Trusted Sewer & Drain Contractors. Sewer Services. If your sewer line is too damaged for relining or pipe bursting, we provide comprehensive sewer services, such as main sewer line repair and …Once the pipe lining has been inserted all throughout, they will expose the liner to heat, in the form of steam, to cure, or harden, the liner inside of the pipe. The liner then becomes flush with the existing pipe, essentially creating a pipe within a pipe. The contractors will then open and reinstate sewer service lateral connections …Potable Water Pipe Lining. All pipe rehabilitation and pipe repair work performed by Specialized Pipe Technologies can be applied to potable, or drinkable, water lines and water pipes. Water that is used in a home or building for kitchen, bathroom, shower, and drinking usage is referred to as potable water because it is suitable for consuming ...28 Jan 2021 ... What Type of Issues Can It Fix? Pipe relining possesses the ability to help fix a lot of issues that result from structural damage — everything ...Skip the hassle of digging up your yard and move forward with cast-in-place-pipe lining (CIPP lining) a proven method for trenchless sewer repair and replacement. Our team is standing by for your call. Reach out to Kline today at 563-285-7272.The Pull-In-Place Lining System is designed for 2″ – 8″ pipe diameters. The system can be installed through clean-outs or open end pipes. Two access points are required. The liner can be ambient cured in 3 hours or steam cured in as little as 20 minutes. 2″ to 8″ diameter pipes can be rehabilitated up to 120FT+ in length.We are experts in CIPP Epoxy sewer pipe lining and sewer pipe bursting technologies with over 2 decades of experience. All Sewer Services, LLC. Serving All of Colorado. Several Locations. FREE ESTIMATES. CALL NOW. 720-606-6223. We Proudly Offer Trenchless Sewer Repair and Sewer Line Replacement in Denver, …

Apr 27, 2023 · Pipe relining refers to the trenchless repair method in residential and commercial plumbing when coating the old pipe with a lining and then allowing it to harden. This creates a new pipe inside the old pipe by way of the new lining. Relining pipes only requires small access points as opposed to traditional sewer repair that requires complete ... . Buy cash car

4 Nov 2022 ... Sliplining is often used to repair sewer lines, storm drains, and water pipes because it can rehabilitate pipes that are damaged due to ...At AK Pipe Lining, we are focused on providing pipe repair and lining services with the highest level of customer satisfaction and we will do everything we can to exceed your expectations. With the variety of services we offer in the trenchless pipe repair field, we’re sure you’ll be happy working with us! We offer a true pull-in-place ...Apr 27, 2023 · Pipe relining refers to the trenchless repair method in residential and commercial plumbing when coating the old pipe with a lining and then allowing it to harden. This creates a new pipe inside the old pipe by way of the new lining. Relining pipes only requires small access points as opposed to traditional sewer repair that requires complete ... Main Sewer Pipe & Lateral Replacement From House to Street. The cost to replace the main sewer line that extends further into the street runs $530 to $2,270.While longer distances and the need for trenching can raise the price to $25,000, the average sewer line installation cost is closer to $1,395.Much of the cost is based …Nu Pipe offers sewer cleaning, pipe lining technologies and trenchless sewer repair services to customers throughout Southeast Michigan. We provide a FREE camera inspection to properly diagnose the problem, hydrojet cleaning , which is much more effective and permanent than snaking, and if a repair is needed, we offer …PVC pipe lining systems such as Thermoform offer a valuable solution to worn and aging pipes across the country. ... In Albuquerque, New Mexico, the aging sewer infrastructure has become a primary concern with parts of the concrete pipe structure being more than 50 years old. Read More. Thermoform PVC Pipe Lining Solution;Sewer Lateral Relining Nashville – We Are Your Expert Trenchless Sewer Pipe Lining Contractors offering Sewer Lateral Lining in Nashville TN. Contact Us Today For A Free Estimate on Sewer Lateral Pipe Relining … Rehabilitating sewer pipes using lining can cost half of what conventional pipe replacement does. There is little structural modification involved because there is no need to take out walls or tear up the street or lawn. Minimal exterior digging also reduces clean-up costs, as well as the labor costs needed to complete the job. Whether you're dealing with cracks, leaks, root intrusions, or joint failures, this spot repair system provides a reliable and durable fix, eliminating the need for extensive and time-consuming repairs. PipeSeal Pro is a two-component system which is combined with a glass fiber liner to be for trenchless repair of short lengths of … Old, broken, blocked or corroded water and sewer/drain pipes are problems often compounded by root intrusion, scale build up, or build up from fats, oils and grease. The pipe lining process is non-invasive, fast, and reliable, and because it uses existing plumbing access points like cleanouts and toilet openings there is little if any damage to ... Blue Works Trenchless CIPP lining is the answer to your plumbing problems. Using CCTV Plumbing Inspection, Mechanical or Hydro-Jet Cleaning and any of our Pipe Relining methods, our team will fix your aged and/or failing plumbing. Our process of installing a “pipe within a pipe” meets or exceeds Plumbing Standards, is Building …Are you experiencing issues with your sewer system? Whether it’s a clogged drain or a major pipe break, hiring a professional sewer repair contractor is essential to ensure the pro...Then pipe-lining is the solution you’re looking for. Using a portable pipe inspection camera, the problem can quickly be identified and fixed using access through the pipe itself. ... Conditions leading to misalignment of pipes and eventual collapse; Sewer Pipe materials, such as clay, a brittle material; 50 YEAR WARRANTY.A cracked sewer line, back up in your home, or a full sewer replacement is never a planned repair or problem. New sewer lining technology can save your yard,...Jan 27, 2023 · But when a pipe collapses, removal is the only option. When it comes to standard sewer line trenching, homeowners pay between $400 and $1,200 per 100 linear feet. When replacing a sewer line from ... When you move into a new home, one of the most important questions you can ask the previous owner is where the sewer line is located. However, if you can’t or didn’t get that infor...31 Jan 2023 ... We're exploring four types of lining methods below, including CIPP inversion, pull in place, pipe bursting, and sliplining, and taking a close ...Revolutionary Pipe Restoration Technology In Florida. Ypoxi is a trenchless pipe lining company that specializes in cast iron pipe restoration, cured-in-place pipelining (CIPP), sewer pipe restoration, epoxy pipe lining, hydro-jetting, and more throughout the state of Florida. Our philosophy is to provide you with the most in …The minimum sewer pipe drain slope is directly correlated to the diameter of the pipe in inches. For example, a pipe diameter of 4 inches would have a minimum sewer pipe drain slop....

Popular Topics