Antique razor blade sharpener

Online shaving forums feature a full spectrum of straight razors, from $10 blades to $800 heirloom razors forged from Damascus steel. Collectors often seek vintage blades from a favorite manufacturer or region. The Online Shaving Community. That said, the quality of steel from a specific region usually doesn’t matter as much as the …Rolls Razor Blade and Sharpener - Late 1920's Vintage - Collectors Items - Made in England - Barber- Shave $ 36.00. FREE shipping Add to ... ANTIQUE ROLLS RAZOR, Vintage Razor, Razor, vintage hand razor, vintage vanity decor, shaving tool, beard, Cool Gift, History buff gift, (1.6k)Jul 13, 2013 · This item: New Razorpit Slide Razor Blade Sharpener in Black. $2694. +. Razor Holder and Protector - Doubles Blade Life - Sharper Blades for Better Shaves, Anti-Rust Razor Stand and Travel Case by BLADELIFE. $2499. Antique Razor Blade Sharpener Soviet Vintage Blade Dressing Device,Sharpener Razor Blade,Barber Shaving Tools USSR (530) $ 48.00. Add to Favorites ... vintage Kriss Kross Razor Blade sharpener by Rhodes Mfg. 1920s patent , crank razor blade sharpener , *** Razor sharpener moves razor blade to a leather wheel as you turn crank . Automatically flips blade to sharpen other side of blade *** Made by the Rhodes Mfg Co. St.louis ** The sharpener is 4 So, what does the vintage razor blade sharpener do? As stated in the name, it was used in the 1930’s as a tool to help sharpen razor blades. Seemingly, little …This is a vintage SIEMENS safety razor blade sharpener device made of bakelite. Made in Germany circa 1950s. Old eco friendly item. Rasierklingen schärfer It sharpens razor blades by placing one used blade into the device, closing the box, and then pushing the cord back and forth - pulling the cord There was actually a bit of a conspiracy to keep them out of the market so that more blades could be sold. I’m not aware of any company that sells non-stainless disposable razors now (cut-throat razors are different). You can still find a load of ingenious sharpening devices from before the change, some of which worked.Vintage razor blade sharpener, Blade Dressing, Soviet razor, Shaving accessories, Barbershop, Men's gift, Check out our razor blade sharpener selection for the very …Jun 28, 2013 · From Deanna Moyers of Vintage Touch: An early Twinplex razor blade sharpener, designed to insert a double edge razor blade, and turn the crank to sharpen th... Antique Kampfe Bros Star Safety Razor, Star Razor Knife, Patented March 1899 USA, Germany, France, Italy Patents 1894-1900. (1.6k) $159.00. FREE shipping. Add to cart. Lot of three (3) antique/vintage straight razors. Made in Germany. Check out our antique blade sharpener selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our memorabilia shops.29 results for vintage kriss kross stropper razor blade sharpener. Save this search. Update your shipping location. Auction. Buy It Now. Condition. Item Location. Sort: Best Match. …Nov 20, 2023 · What was found hanging in that old basement is an antique razor blade sharpener, most likely a Kenberry Blade Sharpener. Based on my research, this kind of device was used back in the 1930s when razor blades, like so many things at that time, were not as readily available as they are now. Folks needed to make their blades last as long as ... Vintage Twinplex Razor Blade Sharpener. The sharpener is all steel except for the curved plastic face. The sharpener is in good condition with reasonable age-related internal and external wear and works well. The stropper dates to the 1960s. Measures 2.75 x 1.75. Works well as both a sharpener or as Check out our kriss kross razor blade sharpener selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shaving & grooming shops. ... Eversharp Schick Injector Razor in Case w/ Blades Vintage Razor Made in USA; Presto 08800 EverSharp Electric Knife Sharpener Vintage 1990;Jul 13, 2013 · This item: New Razorpit Slide Razor Blade Sharpener in Black. $2694. +. Razor Holder and Protector - Doubles Blade Life - Sharper Blades for Better Shaves, Anti-Rust Razor Stand and Travel Case by BLADELIFE. $2499. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ...Antique Straight Razor Marcus & Hammesfahr Solingen Razor Sharpener Germany Collectible Barber Tools Echt Solinger Rasirmesser 173 S. (592) $75.00. Antique American Hone Co, Redundum, Straight Razor Finishing Hone, NY, USA. DanPicked. (2.7k) $37.00. FREE shipping. Demonstration of Twinplex Double Edge Blade SharpenerAug 15, 2022 · About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ... There was actually a bit of a conspiracy to keep them out of the market so that more blades could be sold. I’m not aware of any company that sells non-stainless disposable razors now (cut-throat razors are different). You can still find a load of ingenious sharpening devices from before the change, some of which worked.Antique Razor Blade Sharpener Soviet Vintage Blade Dressing Device,Sharpener Razor Blade,Barber Shaving Tools USSR (530) $ 48.00. Add to Favorites ... Get the best deals on vintage knife sharpener when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. Free shipping on many items ... VINTAGE KNIFE BLADE EDGE SHARPENING STONE SELLING AT NO RESERVE !! $10.01. 0 bids. ... Vintage American Clear Razor Knife Hone Ship on Box. $17.50. 0 bids. $6.09 shipping.Check out our vintage razor sharpener selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our razors shops.Vintage 1920s Roll Fix German Razor Blade Sharpener In Original Black Box. (575) $125.00. 1. Here is a selection of four-star and five-star reviews from customers who were delighted with the products they found in this category. Check out our safety razor sharpener selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our ...Vintage Twinplex Razor Blade Sharpener. The sharpener is all steel except for the curved plastic face. The sharpener is in good condition with reasonable age-related internal and external wear and works well. The stropper dates to the 1960s. Measures 2.75 x 1.75. Works well as both a sharpener or asAntique Scott’s Ball Pat’d Jan.1.1918 Razor Blade Sharpener, Rustic Decor, Primitive Decor, Gift for Him/Barber, Razor Sharpener (266) $ 78.00 The blade of a straight razor, kitchen knife or scissors would ... Unfortunately, although this sharpener worked to a point on the old carbon steel blades ...14" Leather Strop for Straight Razor Brown SHARPENING STROP BELT. $9.41. Was: $9.90. or Best Offer. Free shipping. MEN BARBER (BEARD) CUT THROAT SHAVETTE STRAIGHT SHAVING RAZOR 100 DERBY BLADES. ... Sheffield steel, Solingen stainless steel, or carbon steel are just a few of the more common types of antique straight razor …Unlock The Mystical Power Of An Antique Relic. Discovered in a century-old house, an antique marble razor blade sharpener captivates with its unexpected …We offer for sale a RARE VINTAGE TWINPLEX STROPPER RAZOR BLADE SHARPENER in its ORIGINAL BOX. This fine quality razor sharpener was made in the USA circa 1950s. It comes in quite Good condition, ... Vintage Razor BLADE SHARPENER 1950s, Twinplex Stropper Razor Blade Sharpener in Original Box, USA Metal Razor …Set of 2 Vintage GEM Micromatic "Clog Pruf" Safety Razors W/ Blades. $20.31. or Best Offer. $5.80 shipping. SPONSORED. Vintage safety razor blade sharpener in box w manual Bakony Hungary 1965 (EA3) £48.42 Buy It Now or Best Offer. See Details. 1 watcher. Kriss Kross Blade Razor Sharpener Vintage Stropper Tool. £49.40 Buy It Now or Best Offer. See Details. 1 watcher.This website shows fliers and ads from back then. In 1910 in America a Gillette razor kit cost $5 which included 12 blades and a whole razor, leather case, and "unbreakable mirror". Estimating what "$5 in 1910 money equates to now" is approximately $150 USD. Here's a decent list of 100 annual salaries for 1903, sorted. Vintage 1930s Gillette Aristocrat Gold TTO Double Edge Safety Razor And Blade Case In Original Gold Metal Box. (570) $295.00. Add to cart. 1. Shaving Kits & Sets. Shaving & Grooming. Here is a selection of four-star and five-star reviews from customers who were delighted with the products they found in this category.Can you sharpen coping saw blades? Visit HowStuffWorks.com to find out if you can sharpen coping saw blades. Advertisement Coping saws are C-shaped handsaws used for delicate woodw...Vintage Razor Blade Sharpener from 1930s - The Fastrop Company / Very Unusual Gadget from Days Long Gone / Condition is Good but at 90 Years Old the Sharpening Leather Inside has Frayed / Would make a Great Display Piece or Would be a Great Addition to a Barber & Shaving Themed Display or Give as a Vintage Antique Straight Razor Blade Sharpening Stone Hone Rapidway w Box Barber. Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. $22.76. shopofdoom (908) 99.5%. Buy It Now Check out our kriss kross razor blade sharpener selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shaving & grooming shops. ... Eversharp Schick Injector Razor in Case w/ Blades Vintage Razor Made in USA; Presto 08800 EverSharp Electric Knife Sharpener Vintage 1990;Check out our vintage razor sharpener selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our razors shops.Find great deals on eBay for vintage razor blade sharpener. Shop with confidence.salish. Hello, I hope this post finds everyone healthy and happy. I am looking for advice from others who may have experience with Kriss Kross razors. I have one of those vintage Kriss Kross blade sharpening systems that you see quite often on ebay. Mine is still in the box and in good condition, and includes a handful of the original blades ...Check out our vintage razor blade sharpener selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops.About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ... Get the best deals for vintage razor blade sharpener at eBay.com. We have a great online selection at the lowest prices with Fast & Free shipping on many items! VINTAGE twinplex two edged safety razor blade sharpening device,it has been well loved and shows lots of wear and has a great age related patina,great for collectors of vintage barbering tools,great decorators piece. Mot sure if it still functional but an amazing vintage treasure. That’s exactly the case with this Work Sharp Knife & Tool Sharpener, which offers customizable angles of 15-30 degrees, a variable speed motor, a precision 6000-grit belt and more. While it looks like a workshop power tool, this chef knife sharpener is like a fast lane to a razor’s edge. Anthony Wyborny.VINTAGE twinplex two edged safety razor blade sharpening device,it has been well loved and shows lots of wear and has a great age related patina,great for collectors of vintage barbering tools,great decorators piece. Mot sure if it …Vintage Antique Straight Razor Blade Sharpening Stone Hone Rapidway w Box Barber. Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. $22.76. shopofdoom (907) 99.5%. Buy It Now The Stanford 5-Second Razor Blade Sharpener - 1930s In Original Box By Stanford Manufacturing Co. Baltimore, USA Chrome Sharpener Is In Very Nice Condition Measures: Red Box Is In Decent Shape There Is A Paper Uplift On The Upper Left Corner Thank You For Shopping Jackv62US Find great deals on eBay for vintage razor blade sharpener. Shop with confidence.Two antique leather and wood razor strops, antique barbers sharpening tools (32) $ 45.00. Add to cart. Loading Add to ... Shaving Memorabilia Warner 1 2 3 Razor Blade Sharpener Trade Mark 1931 For any Single Edge or Double Edge Blade Scarce Collectible (791) $ 53.00. FREE shipping Add to cart ...Vintage Antique Straight Razor Blade Sharpening Stone Hone Rapidway w Box Barber. Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. $22.76. shopofdoom (908) 99.5%. Buy It Now Shop Men's Antique Gray Size OS Grooming Tools at a discounted price at Poshmark. Description: Vintage Kanner's Dubeledge Stropper 1919 razor blade ...Antique Rolls Razor Safety Blade Sharpener 1927 Chrome Case Vintage Strop LG JD. $24.50. or Best Offer. ... Vintage Collectible Rolls Razor Blade Sharpener Made in England 1927. $14.99. $5.95 shipping. Vintage Rolls Razor Shaving System Made In England Mid-Century 1949. $20.00. or Best Offer.This item: New Razorpit Slide Razor Blade Sharpener in Black. $2694. +. Razor Holder and Protector - Doubles Blade Life - Sharper Blades for Better Shaves, Anti-Rust Razor Stand and Travel Case by BLADELIFE. $2499.Working Vintage Twinplex Shaver Razor Blade Sharpener Stropper Model G 200p. Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. C $20.12. Top Rated Seller Top Rated Seller. or Best Offer. gabr-bri-hpzdlc11 (690) 99.7%. from United States. Vintage Barbershop Twinplex Double Razor Blade Stropper Shapener.Vintage Razor Blade Sharpner. This vintage automatic razor blade sharpener is great craftsmanship from the good old days. See it in action. #razorblade #vintage …Scissors are composed of two different types of simple machines: wedge and lever. The scissors’ blades are sharpened into wedges, and the arms that are squeezed together are levers...133 results for vintage razor blade sharpener Save this search Update your shipping location Shop on eBay Brand New $20.00 or Best Offer Sponsored VTG ANTIQUE …Kriss Kross Vintage Razor Blade Stropper Sharpener 1920's Rhodes St. Louis, MO Pre-Owned $79.00 queen_moonracer (124) 100% or Best Offer +$8.60 shipping 22 watchers Sponsored Kriss Kross Stropper Razor Blade Mechanical Sharpener and Blades in Box 1920s Pre-Owned $79.99 encorehustle (755) 99.7% or Best Offer +$10.99 shipping Sponsored Kriss Kross Stropper Vintage Razor Blade Sharpener Pre-Owned $38.24 or Best Offer $11.60 shipping 15d 20h Vintage Kriss Kross Stropper Razor Blade Mechanical …I just found this at a small antique show in Western Pa. I just love the form and age of this piece. I thought it was a carved man from a distance. It’s an early straight razor sharpening stone mounted on a piece of wood in an effigy form. It has a wonderful surface. Hard to explain but it just feels right in your hands. Mid to late 19th century.This is a vintage SIEMENS safety razor blade sharpener device made of bakelite. Made in Germany circa 1950s. Old eco friendly item. Rasierklingen schärfer It sharpens razor blades by placing one used blade into the device, closing the box, and then pushing the cord back and forth - pulling the cord Online shaving forums feature a full spectrum of straight razors, from $10 blades to $800 heirloom razors forged from Damascus steel. Collectors often seek vintage blades from a favorite manufacturer or region. The Online Shaving Community. That said, the quality of steel from a specific region usually doesn’t matter as much as the …Title: Vintage Safety Razor Blade Sharpener in Original Box - Stanford Five Second Sharpener, Price: $42 USD, Category: Collectibles:Accessories:Razors & Shaving, Shop: Ogee's Antiques, Description: This little apparatus is an old tool for sharpening safety razor blades. It is called the Five Second Sharpener and was manufactured by Stanford …Collectibles ideas. prints digital prints giclée. Antique straight razor sharpener. It has one blue and one clear glass marble. You pull the straight razor through the marbles and they sharpen the razor.It measures 3 inches long. In good condition from smoke free home.3. Clean your razor blade. Wash your razor with hot water and soap. Dish soap should work well for busting up any razor gunk that's accumulated on your blades. For best results, allow your razor to soak in a cup of hot, soapy water for 15 to 30 minutes, swirling your razor in the water occasionally.Antique Kriss Kross Stropper Vintage RAZOR BLADE SHARPENER, Box & Works! Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. $45.00. bitsandbobs7283 (107) 100%. or Best Offer Can you sharpen coping saw blades? Visit HowStuffWorks.com to find out if you can sharpen coping saw blades. Advertisement Coping saws are C-shaped handsaws used for delicate woodw...<p>This vintage Twinplex stropper is a must-have for any collector of shaving accessories. Made in the United States, this piece is a great addition to your collection of strops and sharpeners. The Twinplex stropper is perfect for sharpening your razor blades, ensuring a clean and close shave every time. This piece is a great find for anyone who appreciates vintage shaving tools.</p> Jun 22, 2022 ... Comments1.9K ; Learn All About Double Edge Razor Blades@geofatboy. geofatboy · 437K views ; 100 Years Underground! Rusty Antique MEAT GRINDER ...This item: New Razorpit Slide Razor Blade Sharpener in Black. $2694. +. Razor Holder and Protector - Doubles Blade Life - Sharper Blades for Better Shaves, Anti-Rust Razor Stand and Travel Case by BLADELIFE. $2499.About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ...Check out our antique razor blade sharpener selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our razors shops.Vintage Block Leather Razor Strop, Shaving and Barber Shop Collectible (1.7k) Sale Price $26.35 $ 26.35 $ 31.00 Original Price $31.00 (15% off) Add to Favorites Vintage ... M+R NUGGET Brass Pencil Sharpener with 2 Spare Blades Bradley. 5 out of 5 ...Shopping for razors can be a little overwhelming to the novice buyer. Between the various brands and styles ranging from disposable to straight to cartridge, finding the right blad...Feb 9, 2024 · Source eBay. Offered is a very UNIQUE device for sharpening razor blades. It is the KENBERRY BLADE SHARPENER. This vintage piece is made of spring steel wire and glass marbles. This piece includes original package with colorful graphics describing the piece and how it works. "DIRECTIONS: draw blade between balls 3 or 4 times very lightly. New Listing Vintage TWINPLEX 1945 Stropper Razor Blade Sharpener w/ Box & Instructions. Pre-Owned. $16.00. daho491890 (6) 100%. or Best Offer. +$12.00 shipping. Vintage Twinplex Stropper Safety Razor Blade Sharpener. Patient 1920’s. Preownd. Vintage 1930s Gillette Aristocrat Gold TTO Double Edge Safety Razor And Blade Case In Original Gold Metal Box. (570) $295.00. Add to cart. 1. Shaving Kits & Sets. Shaving & Grooming. Here is a selection of four-star and five-star reviews from customers who were delighted with the products they found in this category.Mar 18, 2020 · Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Antique Collectible Twinplex Double Razor Blade Stropper~Sharpener~Shaver~1915 at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products! Vintage safety razor blade sharpener, razor blade sharpener, grandpas shaving kit, shaving tool, barber accessories When blade is put inside the sharpener must be closed and then start pulling the wires up and down several times. The mechanism inside sharpens the blade. Size approx: 5 x 3,3 x 2,3Vintage 1920s 1930s Kriss Kross Stropper Razor Blade Sharpener W/ Box+papers. Pre-Owned. C $100.96. Top Rated Seller. Buy It Now. countryantiquesandtreasures (417) 100%. +C $33.67 shipping. from United States. Vintage safety razor blade sharpener in box w manual Bakony Hungary 1965 (EA3) Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. $49.00. ramegg (2,060) 99.9%. or Best Offer Yes! Many of the kriss kross razor blade sharpener, sold by the shops on Etsy, qualify for included shipping, such as: Vintage Gillette Double Edge Razor with Blade, Two Gillette Original Razor Blades in Paper, Reg US Pat Off, Collectible Shaving Memorabilia; Omnigrid Dual Rotary Blade Sharpener; Antique razor sharpening tool Shop for—and learn—about vintage and antiques. Browse the best of eBay, connect with other collectors, and explore the history behind your favorite finds. Kriss Kross Corp. razor blade ... Kriss Kross Corp. razor blade sharpener. Still works. Made in USA in St.Louis MA PAT. 6-30-21. Would like some history on this item, age, value. Razors ...Antique Straight Razor Marcus & Hammesfahr Solingen Razor Sharpener Germany Collectible Barber Tools Echt Solinger Rasirmesser 173 S. (592) $75.00. Antique American Hone Co, Redundum, Straight Razor Finishing Hone, NY, USA. DanPicked. (2.7k) $37.00. FREE shipping. New Listing Vintage TWINPLEX 1945 Stropper Razor Blade Sharpener w/ Box & Instructions. Pre-Owned. $16.00. daho491890 (6) 100%. or Best Offer. +$12.00 shipping. Vintage Twinplex Stropper Safety Razor Blade Sharpener. Patient 1920’s. Preownd. Vintage Razor Blade Sharpener Allegro Model L Switzerland CB353. Opens in a new window or tab. C $107.60. Top Rated Seller Top Rated Seller. or Best Offer. vintagecollections2015 (2,270) 97.5%. Free shipping. from India. 18 watchers. Sponsored. 1940 Vintage Original Old Razor Sharpening Stone Hone Shaving Vanity STO28.Vintage safety razor blade sharpener, razor blade sharpener, grandpas shaving kit, shaving tool, barber accessories When blade is put inside the sharpener must be closed and then start pulling the wires up and down several times. The mechanism inside sharpens the blade. Size approx: 5 x 3,3 x 2,3Unlock The Mystical Power Of An Antique Relic. Discovered in a century-old house, an antique marble razor blade sharpener captivates with its unexpected …Antique "Twinplex" razor blade sharpener; used, but as far as I can tell, not being an expert, it's in extremely good shape; complete with original cardboard box (which shows lots of wear. One corner is torn.) The sharpener (stropper)(Red Flash model for Gillette Blades) is 2" high, 2 1/2 " wide, and 3" from front to back. Source eBay UK. Vintage Siemens razor blade sharpener, in original box with instructions (in German but illustrated).Siemens & Halske AG, Wererwerk R. 6 cm long, 3.5 cm wide and 2.8 cm deep. Good condition.This will be sent by 2nd class signed for delivery, no charge is made for packaging, if more than oneitem is purchased postage can be combined. Jun 28, 2013 · From Deanna Moyers of Vintage Touch: An early Twinplex razor blade sharpener, designed to insert a double edge razor blade, and turn the crank to sharpen th... The Rolls blade can be considered as a piece of straight razor. Just like a straight razor, the proper bevel angle for honing is when the spine and edge are both in contact with the hone. I normally sharpen one side of a knife until I have a definite burr, then the other side until the burr is prominent again and then joint the blade to remove ...Jun 12, 2018 ... Sharpening an antique rolls razor. 5K views · 5 years ago ...more. Michael ... 1940´s Razor Blade Sharpener 'Tarantella' | Restoration. Mister ...Vintage Antique Natural Whetstone Oil Hone Stone Tool Chisel Razor Sharpening. Pre-Owned. $25.40. Customs services and international tracking provided. Buy It Now. jammyjohn (2,509) 100%. +$34.67 shipping estimate. from United Kingdom. Sponsored. Vintage Twinplex Shaver Razor Blade Sharpener Antique Stropper. Pre-Owned. $15.00. tomato777 (584) 96.3%. or Best Offer. +$8.25 shipping. FOLEY BELSAW CO. MODEL 1019 HONE CLIPPER RAZOR BLADE BARBER SHARPENING TOOL. Pre-Owned. What was found hanging in that old basement is an antique razor blade sharpener, most likely a Kenberry Blade Sharpener. Based on my research, this kind of device was used back in the 1930s when razor blades, like so many things at that time, were not as readily available as they are now. Folks needed to make their blades last as …Antique "Twinplex" razor blade sharpener; used, but as far as I can tell, not being an expert, it's in extremely good shape; complete with original cardboard box (which shows lots of wear. One corner is torn.) The sharpener (stropper)(Red Flash model for Gillette Blades) is 2" high, 2 1/2 " wide, and 3" from front to back.The metal handle is marked patent pending, and has two glass marbles inserted in it. Measures about 3" long.Vintage 1932 KENBERRY Razor Blade Sharpener with Glass MarblesDescription Vintage 1932 KENBERRY Razor Blade Sharpener with Glass Marbles For sale is: This vintage razor blade sharpener by Kenberry with …Super rare Optatus antique razor sharpener. Reasonable vintage condition, nickel-plated – some wear to the plate. The blade inside has sheared off meaning this is for display purposes only. trade mark Rotbart Mond Extra, Made in Germany measurements: 8.5 x 7.5 x 4.5 cm (3.15“ by 2.95“ by 1.77“) PERMA HONE Antique Glass Razor Blade Sharpener 1930's Made In Japan UNUSED COND. Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. C $271.19. alphabetsoup2013 (450) 98%. Buy ... | Csmutvoju (article) | Mnslb.